Deterrence and Integration The essays

Deterrence and Integration The essays Some theorists have generally viewed integration as a process leading to a condition called political community, in the international level, as primarily consensual, or based principally on the development of shared norms, values, interests, or goals. According to some theorists the world of the twentieth century was characterised by growing numbers of technical issues that could be resolved only by cooperative action across state boundaries. Such issues could best be addressed by highly trained specialists or technicians, rather than by politicians, because such pressing problems could be addressed outside the politicised context of ideology or nationalism. Also according to these theorists, it was essential to have a cooperation. This functional cooperation would come necessary international institutions, in the form of organisations and regimes, based on multilateralism in the terminology of many of Functionalist theorists. Later another group of theorists emerged, Neo-functionalist theorists. Their principal contribution lies in the explanation, modification, and testing of hypotheses about integration. The major emphasis is placed on the role of political parties and interest groups and the extend to which political elites in the units to be integrated support or oppose integration. Neo-functionalist theory, within its European Union context, attaches major importance to an integrative process leading ultimately to a federation or political union. Functionalist theory has been the object of several kinds of criticism and modifications: that it is difficult, if not impossible, to separate the economic and social tasks from the political that governments have shown themselves unwilling to hand over to international authority tasks that encroach on the political that certain economic and social tasks do not spill over into the political sector ...